In the late eighteenth century, Hungarian inventor Wolfgang von Kempelen constructed what many people living at the time were duped into believing was the first truly intelligent machine: an ornate wooden chest, presided over by a magisterial wooden statue of a turbaned man—a “Turk”—that could move around the pieces of a chessboard as if by magic and win game after game against actual, human chess players. It was eventually revealed to be a hoax: A chess m