An equilibrated interface in an on-site square lattice employed for 2D kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations. Credit: Journal of Applied Physics (2025). DOI: 10.1063/5.0244892 Humans began creating alloys about 5,000 years ago by combining copper and tin to produce bronze. Since then, alloy design has advanced dramatically, says Moneesh Upmanyu, professor of mechanical and industrial engineering at Northeastern University. "Now, it's definitely a science [