Public perceptions of AI as labor-replacing (vs. labor-creating) by country (Left panel) and by GDP per capita quartile (Right panel) in Study 1 (N = 37,079). Colored dots and whiskers indicate the observed standardized mean differences (Cohen's d) from the 1 to 5 scale midpoint and their 95% CI. Credit: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2523508123 Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing our society and economy.